Patterns of Forest Species Association in a Broadleaf Forest in Romania

Ecological patterns of species distribution can reveal essential information on the spatial and functional relationship between or their environment. Various approaches be used to assess associations, our study aimed compare three methods at different scales: co-occurrence indices for binary presence–absence data, principal component analysis (PCA) abundance point process analysis. Our goal was gain a deeper understanding species’ notice if capture roughly same trends. observational analysed sapling community displayed several positive relationships (e.g., association ash linden). However, many were inconsistent across scales. Furthermore, attraction more prevalent than repulsion. Overall, there is trend, with being significantly all This trend consistent other recent studies tree–species interaction. Nonetheless, results suggest that scale influences associations. Positive associations tend larger scales, while negative are commonly found smaller regardless method used. While PCA less consistent, allowed us detect refined based distance In addition, provided solid results, coarser perspective but sampling effort.